Bugs

Leafhoppers, planthoppers and allies (Auchenorrhyncha)

The Auchenorrhyncha are split in two sections: Cicadomorpha include froghoppers (Aphrophoridae and Cercopidae), leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), treehoppers (Membracidae) and cicadas (Cicadidae); Fulgoromorpha are the planthoppers (Delphacidae, Tettigometridae and Issidae) and lacehoppers (Cixiidae).   Unlike the Heteroptera, the forewings are not divided into two parts, but may be hardened or membraneous.  Coloration and extent of markings can be very variable, especially on the vertex and frons ('nose' and face) and the pronotum and scutellum.  Leafhoppers, planthoppers and froghoppers can jump strongly, using powerful hindlegs.  Many species have short- and long-winged forms (brachypterous and macropterous); long-winged individuals can fly and may travel long distances, allowing dispersal and colonisation of new areas.    They do not have a pupal stage in ther lifecycle; the immature forms or nymphs pass through several instars, each increasing in size and adult characters before becoming adults. 

They feed exclusively on plant sap, using their sucking mouthparts.  Many species feed on a specific plant species, or a narrow range of hosts.  This can help identification and with targetting surveys, and it is recommended that the host plant is always noted in your record.   Feeding in the UK can cause minor damage to plants - the characteristic stippling of leaves of roses, for example - but they can be serious economic pests in other countries.   

Many species show sexual dimorphism - the males and females are different in size and coloration.  Identification of some species can be very difficult, often involving dissection of the male to examine the internal genitalia - the aedeagus and parameres. The 'aedeagus' is a chitinious structure, often of very complex shape, analogous to the penis in mammals.  The 'parameres' are also known as the anal styles or claspers.  Females are often more difficult to identify, and are sometimes impossible.  

Recommended resources:

• More information on ecology, life-cycles etc. and current UK checklist (2021) can be found at https://www.ledra.co.uk/index.html, the website of the Auchenorrhyncha Recording Scheme for Britain and Ireland. 
• British Bugs website has a photo gallery, but note that not all UK speces are shown - and not all can be identified from field photos.  The UK checklist (2021) can aso be found here.
• True Hoppers WP has illustrations of hoppers from the Western Palaearctic, including many British species.
• Biedermann,R. and Niedringhaus,R. (2009): The Plant- and Leafhoppers of Germany - Identification Key to all species (WABV).  The English translation of this comprehensive book is essential for serious recording.  It has detailed drawings of the majority of British species, showing diagnostic features including male and female genitalia. 
• Wilson et al (2015): The Plant- and Leafhoppers of Britain and Ireland - Identification keys to all families and genera and all British and Irish species not recorded from Germany. (WABV). This incudes the few UK species not in Biedermann and Niedringhaus.
• Kunz et al (2011): Fotoatlas der Zikaden Deutschlands (WABV).  Not translated from German but includes photographs of the species in Biedermann & Niedringhaus. 
• Le Quesne's RES Handbooks: Fulgoromorpha (1960); Cicadamorpha, excl. Typhlocybinae and Deltocephalinae (1965); Deltocephalinae (1969); and Typhlocybinae (1981 - with K R Payne). This series of 4 Royal Entomological Society publications on Auchenorrhyncha is available to download from the RES website or can be found second-hand.  These have detailed keys to species, but be aware that taxonomy may not be up-to-date, and some recent changes or additions to the UK fauna are not included.  Typhlocybinae includes the UK checklist at the time; this has now been updated - see Ledra or British Bugs websites (links above). 

Delphacidae - planthoppers

The Delphacidae are one of the 4 families in the Fulgoromorpha. The face (frons) has two or three longitudinal keels or ridges, and a distinct lower part, called the postclypeus.  The antennae have two stout basal parts, and then a thin filament.  Wings are membraneous, and have prominent veins that sometimes have small dots or tubercles. Markings and colour often vary in intensity.  Adults of many species can be short-winged (brachypterous) or long-winged (macropterous), and exhibit sexual dimorphism; i.e. males and females look different.   

Identification of many species is very difficult.  Verifying species from field photographs of all but a few species is difficult; instead we recommend photographing a specimen from top down, from side and from the front, in good lighting.  Most are associated with grasses, sedges or reeds; sweep-netting or vacuum sampling of these habitats are effective survey mehods for most species, with a pooter to collect specimens from net or container.  Always note the habitat.  Careful examination of the vertex, wing venation, keels and frons is often needed, but for many it is necessary to examine male genitalia - internal and external - for identification.

In the accounts below, an exclamation mark after the red or amber camera icon indicates that only males can be identified.